In vitro study | b-AP15 inhibits two 19S regulatory granule-associated deubiquitinating enzymes, Ubiquitin C- terminal hydrolase 5(UCHL5) and ubiquitin-Specific Peptidase 14(USP14), results in the accumulation of poly-ubiquitin. b-AP15 resulted in UbG76V-YFP receptor accumulation with an IC50 of 0.8 μm, a dose-dependent effect indicating impaired degradation by the damaged proteasome. b-AP15 (1 μm) action on human colon cancer HCT-116 cells results in rapid accumulation of multimeric ubiquitinated protein. b-AP15(2.2 μm) increased the number of cyclin-dependent kinases CDKN1A and cdknnib, and tumor suppressor gene TP53 in HCT-116 cells in a dose-dependent manner, but does not change the amount of ornithine decarboxylase 1(ODC1). b-AP15(1 μm) acts on HCT-116 cells, resulting in cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase, which, in turn, leads to accumulation of cell cycle inhibitors. b-AP15 treatment increases the number of hypodiploid cells and, correspondingly, the number of apoptotic markers, including activated caspase-3,caspase-cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and cytokeratin -18(CK18). hTERT-RPE1 was more toxic to b-AP15 cells than immortalized epithelial cells (HCT-116) or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. b-AP15 inhibition of deubiquitin activity using a variety of substrates, including Ub-AMC, Ub-GFP22, ubiquitinated p53-binding protein homologs (HDM2), and K48-and K63-linked ubiquitin tetramer chains. b-AP15 is a UPS inhibitor that induces cell death by inducing a cathepsin-D-dependent lysosomal apoptosis pathway. b-AP15 elicits characteristic UPS defects including accumulation of ubiquitin conjugates, cell cycle inhibitors such as p21,p27, and the tumor suppressor gene p53. b-AP15 inhibition of the deubiquitination enzyme activity of cysteine DUBs, USP14 is slightly more sensitive than uchl5. b-AP15 acts on cells overexpressing anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and cells lacking p53 gene to induce apoptosis. b-AP15 (1 μm) inhibited ATP-induced release of IL-1β from LPS-induced peritoneal macrophages. b-AP15(1 μm) action on THP-1 cells reduced the level of cell death induced by Nigericin treatment. b-AP15(1 μm) treatment of LPS-induced THP-1 cells significantly reduced the number of ASC spots formed after treatment with Nigericin. |